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FreeBSD Handbook

The FreeBSD Documentation Project

Copyright © 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2007, 2006, 2007 The FreeBSD Documentation Project

Welcome to FreeBSD! This handbook covers the installation and day to day use of FreeBSD 4.9-RELEASE and FreeBSD 5.1-RELEASE. This manual is a work in progress and is the work of many individuals. Many sections do not yet exist and some of those that do exist need to be updated. If you are interested in helping with this project, send email to the FreeBSD documentation project mailing list. The latest version of this document is always available from the FreeBSD web site. It may also be downloaded in a variety of formats and compression options from the FreeBSD FTP server or one of the numerous mirror sites. If you would prefer to have a hard copy of the handbook, you can purchase one at the FreeBSD Mall. You may also want to search the handbook.

[ Split HTML / Single HTML ]
Table of Contents
Preface
I. Getting Started
1 Introduction
1.1 Synopsis
1.2 Welcome to FreeBSD!
1.3 About the FreeBSD Project
2 Installing FreeBSD
2.1 Synopsis
2.2 Pre-installation Tasks
2.3 Starting the Installation
2.4 Introducing Sysinstall
2.5 Allocating Disk Space
2.6 Choosing What to Install
2.7 Choosing Your Installation Media
2.8 Committing to the Installation
2.9 Post-installation
2.10 Supported Hardware
2.11 Troubleshooting
2.12 Advanced Installation Guide
2.13 Preparing Your Own Installation Media
3 UNIX Basics
3.1 Synopsis
3.2 Virtual Consoles and Terminals
3.3 Permissions
3.4 Directory Structure
3.5 Disk Organization
3.6 Mounting and Unmounting File Systems
3.7 Processes
3.8 Daemons, Signals, and Killing Processes
3.9 Shells
3.10 Text Editors
3.11 Devices and Device Nodes
3.12 Binary Formats
3.13 For More Information
4 Installing Applications: Packages and Ports
4.1 Synopsis
4.2 Overview of Software Installation
4.3 Finding Your Application
4.4 Using the Packages System
4.5 Using the Ports Collection
4.6 Post-installation Activities
4.7 Dealing with Broken Ports
5 The X Window System
5.1 Synopsis
5.2 Understanding X
5.3 Installing XFree86™
5.4 XFree86™ Configuration
5.5 Using Fonts in XFree86™
5.6 The X Display Manager
5.7 Desktop Environments
II. System Administration
6 Configuration and Tuning
6.1 Synopsis
6.2 Initial Configuration
6.3 Core Configuration
6.4 Application Configuration
6.5 Starting Services
6.6 Configuring the cron Utility
6.7 Using rc under FreeBSD 5.X
6.8 Setting Up Network Interface Cards
6.9 Virtual Hosts
6.10 Configuration Files
6.11 Tuning with sysctl
6.12 Tuning Disks
6.13 Tuning Kernel Limits
6.14 Adding Swap Space
6.15 Power and Resource Management
7 The FreeBSD Booting Process
7.1 Synopsis
7.2 The Booting Problem
7.3 The MBR, and Boot Stages One, Two, and Three
7.4 Kernel Interaction During Boot
7.5 Device Hints
7.6 Init: Process Control Initialization
7.7 Shutdown Sequence
8 Users and Basic Account Management
8.1 Synopsis
8.2 Introduction
8.3 The Superuser Account
8.4 System Accounts
8.5 User Accounts
8.6 Modifying Accounts
8.7 Limiting Users
8.8 Personalizing Users
8.9 Groups
9 Configuring the FreeBSD Kernel
9.1 Synopsis
9.2 Why Build a Custom Kernel?
9.3 Building and Installing a Custom Kernel
9.4 The Configuration File
9.5 Making Device Nodes
9.6 If Something Goes Wrong
10 Security
10.1 Synopsis
10.2 Introduction
10.3 Securing FreeBSD
10.4 DES, MD5, and Crypt
10.5 One-time Passwords
10.6 KerberosIV
10.7 Kerberos5
10.8 Firewalls
10.9 OpenSSL
10.10 VPN over IPsec
10.11 OpenSSH
10.12 Mandatory Access Control (MAC)
10.13 File System Access Control Lists
10.14 FreeBSD Security Advisories
11 Printing
11.1 Synopsis
11.2 Introduction
11.3 Basic Setup
11.4 Advanced Printer Setup
11.5 Using Printers
11.6 Alternatives to the Standard Spooler
11.7 Troubleshooting
12 Storage
12.1 Synopsis
12.2 Device Names
12.3 Adding Disks
12.4 RAID
12.5 Creating and Using Optical Media (CDs & DVDs)
12.6 Creating and Using Floppy Disks
12.7 Creating and Using Data Tapes
12.8 Backups to Floppies
12.9 Backup Basics
12.10 Network, Memory, and File-Backed File Systems
12.11 File System Snapshots
12.12 File System Quotas
12.13 Encrypting Disk Partitions
13 The Vinum Volume Manager
13.1 Synopsis
13.2 Disks Are Too Small
13.3 Access Bottlenecks
13.4 Data Integrity
13.5 Vinum Objects
13.6 Some Examples
13.7 Object Naming
13.8 Configuring Vinum
13.9 Using Vinum for the Root Filesystem
14 Localization - I18N/L10N Usage and Setup
14.1 Synopsis
14.2 The Basics
14.3 Using Localization
14.4 Compiling I18N Programs
14.5 Localizing FreeBSD to Specific Languages
15 Desktop Applications
15.1 Synopsis
15.2 Browsers
15.3 Productivity
15.4 Document Viewers
15.5 Finance
15.6 Summary
16 Multimedia
16.1 Synopsis
16.2 Setting Up the Sound Card
16.3 MP3 Audio
16.4 Video Playback
17 Serial Communications
17.1 Synopsis
17.2 Introduction
17.3 Terminals
17.4 Dial-in Service
17.5 Dial-out Service
17.6 Setting Up the Serial Console
18 PPP and SLIP
18.1 Synopsis
18.2 Using User PPP
18.3 Using Kernel PPP
18.4 Troubleshooting PPP Connections
18.5 Using PPP over Ethernet (PPPoE)
18.6 Using PPP over ATM (PPPoA)
18.7 Using SLIP
19 Advanced Networking
19.1 Synopsis
19.2 Gateways and Routes
19.3 Wireless Networking
19.4 Bluetooth
19.5 Bridging
19.6 NFS
19.7 Diskless Operation
19.8 ISDN
19.9 NIS/YP
19.10 DHCP
19.11 DNS
19.12 NTP
19.13 Network Address Translation
19.14 The inetd ``Super-Server''
19.15 Parallel Line IP (PLIP)
19.16 IPv6
20 Electronic Mail
20.1 Synopsis
20.2 Using Electronic Mail
20.3 sendmail Configuration
20.4 Changing Your Mail Transfer Agent
20.5 Troubleshooting
20.6 Advanced Topics
20.7 SMTP with UUCP
20.8 Using Mail with a Dialup Connection
20.9 SMTP Authentication
21 The Cutting Edge
21.1 Synopsis
21.2 FreeBSD-CURRENT vs. FreeBSD-STABLE
21.3 Synchronizing Your Source
21.4 Using make world
21.5 Tracking for Multiple Machines
22 Linux Binary Compatibility
22.1 Synopsis
22.2 Installation
22.3 Installing Mathematica®
22.4 Installing Maple™
22.5 Installing MATLAB®
22.6 Installing Oracle®
22.7 Installing SAP® R/3®
22.8 Advanced Topics
III. Appendices
A. Obtaining FreeBSD
A.1 CDROM and DVD Publishers
A.2 FTP Sites
A.3 Anonymous CVS
A.4 Using CTM
A.5 Using CVSup
A.6 CVS Tags
A.7 AFS Sites
A.8 rsync Sites
B. Bibliography
B.1 Books & Magazines Specific to FreeBSD
B.2 Users' Guides
B.3 Administrators' Guides
B.4 Programmers' Guides
B.5 Operating System Internals
B.6 Security Reference
B.7 Hardware Reference
B.8 UNIX® History
B.9 Magazines and Journals
C. Resources on the Internet
C.1 Mailing Lists
C.2 Usenet Newsgroups
C.3 World Wide Web Servers
C.4 Email Addresses
C.5 Shell Accounts
D. PGP Keys
D.1 Officers
D.2 Core Team Members
D.3 Developers
Colophon
List of Tables
2-1. Sample Device Inventory
2-2. Partition Layout for First Disk
2-3. Partition Layout for Subsequent Disks
2-4. Possible Security Profiles
2-5. FreeBSD ISO Image Names and Meanings
3-1. Disk Device Codes
12-1. Physical Disk Naming Conventions
13-1. Vinum Plex Organizations
19-1. Wiring a Parallel Cable for Networking
List of Figures
2-1. Kernel Configuration Menu
2-2. The Kernel Device Configuration Visual Interface
2-3. Expanded Driver List
2-4. Driver Configuration With No Conflicts
2-5. Sysinstall Main Menu
2-6. Typical Device Probe Results
2-7. Select Sysinstall Exit
2-8. Selecting Usage from Sysinstall Main Menu
2-9. Selecting Documentation Menu
2-10. Sysinstall Documentation Menu
2-11. Sysinstall Main Menu
2-12. Sysinstall Keymap Menu
2-13. Sysinstall Main Menu
2-14. Sysinstall Options
2-15. Begin Standard Installation
2-16. Select Drive for FDisk
2-17. Typical Fdisk Partitions before Editing
2-18. Fdisk Partition Using Entire Disk
2-19. Sysinstall Boot Manager Menu
2-20. Exit Select Drive
2-21. Sysinstall Disklabel Editor
2-22. Sysinstall Disklabel Editor with Auto Defaults
2-23. Free Space for Root Partition
2-24. Edit Root Partition Size
2-25. Choose the Root Partition Type
2-26. Choose the Root Mount Point
2-27. Sysinstall Disklabel Editor
2-28. Choose Distributions
2-29. Confirm Distributions
2-30. Choose Installation Media
2-31. Selecting an Ethernet Device
2-32. Set Network Configuration for ed0
2-33. Editing inetd.conf
2-34. Default Anonymous FTP Configuration
2-35. Edit the FTP Welcome Message
2-36. Editing exports
2-37. Security Profile Options
2-38. System Console Configuration Options
2-39. Screen Saver Options
2-40. Screen Saver Timeout
2-41. System Console Configuration Exit
2-42. Select Your Region
2-43. Select Your Country
2-44. Select Your Time Zone
2-45. Select Mouse Protocol Type
2-46. Set Mouse Protocol
2-47. Configure Mouse Port
2-48. Setting the Mouse Port
2-49. Enable the Mouse Daemon
2-50. Test the Mouse Daemon
2-51. Network Configuration Upper-level
2-52. Select a default MTA
2-53. Ntpdate Configuration
2-54. Network Configuration Lower-level
2-55. Select Configuration Method Menu
2-56. Select Default Desktop
2-57. Select Package Category
2-58. Select Packages
2-59. Install Packages
2-60. Confirm Package Installation
2-61. Select User
2-62. Add User Information
2-63. Exit User and Group Management
2-64. Exit Install
13-1. Concatenated Organization
13-2. Striped Organization
13-3. RAID-5 Organization
13-4. A Simple Vinum Volume
13-5. A Mirrored Vinum Volume
13-6. A Striped Vinum Volume
13-7. A Mirrored, Striped Vinum Volume
List of Examples
2-1. Using an Existing Partition Unchanged
2-2. Shrinking an Existing Partition
3-1. Sample Disk, Slice, and Partition Names
3-2. Conceptual Model of a Disk
4-1. Downloading a Package Manually and Installing It Locally
6-1. Creating a Swapfile on FreeBSD 4.X
6-2. Creating a Swapfile on FreeBSD 5.X
7-1. boot0 Screenshot
7-2. boot2 Screenshot
7-3. An Insecure Console in /etc/ttys
8-1. Configuring adduser and adding a user on FreeBSD 4.X
8-2. Adding a user on FreeBSD 5.X
8-3. rmuser Interactive Account Removal
8-4. Interactive chpass by Superuser
8-5. Interactive chpass by Normal User
8-6. Changing Your Password
8-7. Changing Another User's Password as the Superuser
8-8. Adding a Group Using pw(8)
8-9. Adding Somebody to a Group Using pw(8)
8-10. Using id(1) to Determine Group Membership
10-1. Using SSH to Create a Secure Tunnel for SMTP
12-1. Using dump over ssh
12-2. A Script for Creating a Bootable Floppy
12-3. Using vnconfig to Mount an Existing File System Image under FreeBSD 4.X
12-4. Creating a New File-Backed Disk with vnconfig
12-5. Using mdconfig to Mount an Existing File System Image under FreeBSD 5.X
12-6. Creating a New File-Backed Disk with mdconfig
12-7. md Memory Disk under FreeBSD 4.X
12-8. Creating a New Memory-Based Disk with mdconfig
12-9. Creating a New Memory-Based Disk with mdmfs
17-1. Adding Terminal Entries to /etc/ttys
19-1. Mounting an Export with amd
19-2. Branch Office or Home Network
19-3. Head Office or Other LAN
19-4. Sending inetd a HangUP Signal
20-1. Configuring the sendmail Access Database
20-2. Mail Aliases
20-3. Example Virtual Domain Mail Map
A-1. Checking Out Something from -CURRENT (ls(1)) and Deleting It Again:
A-2. Checking Out the Version of ls(1) in the 3.X-STABLE Branch:
A-3. Creating a List of Changes (as Unified Diffs) to ls(1)
A-4. Finding Out What Other Module Names Can Be Used:
    Next
    Preface

This, and other documents, can be downloaded from ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/doc/.

For questions about FreeBSD, read the documentation before contacting <questions@FreeBSD.org>.
For questions about this documentation, e-mail <doc@FreeBSD.org>.
FreeBSD Handbook
FreeBSD Handbook
The FreeBSD Documentation Project
Copyright © 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2007, 2006, 2007 The FreeBSD Documentation Project

Redistribution and use in source (SGML DocBook) and 'compiled' forms (SGML, HTML, PDF, PostScript, RTF and so forth) with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:

  1. Redistributions of source code (SGML DocBook) must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer as the first lines of this file unmodified.

  2. Redistributions in compiled form (transformed to other DTDs, converted to PDF, PostScript, RTF and other formats) must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.

Important: THIS DOCUMENTATION IS PROVIDED BY THE FREEBSD DOCUMENTATION PROJECT "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE FREEBSD DOCUMENTATION PROJECT BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS DOCUMENTATION, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

FreeBSD is a registered trademark of Wind River Systems, Inc. This is expected to change soon.

3Com and HomeConnect are registered trademarks of 3Com Corporation.

3ware and Escalade are registered trademarks of 3ware Inc.

ARM is a registered trademark of ARM Limited.

Adaptec is a registered trademark of Adaptec, Inc.

Adobe, Acrobat, Acrobat Reader, and PostScript are either registered trademarks or trademarks of Adobe Systems Incorporated in the United States and/or other countries.

Apple, FireWire, Mac, Macintosh, Mac OS, Quicktime, and TrueType are trademarks of Apple Computer, Inc., registered in the United States and other countries.

Corel and WordPerfect are trademarks or registered trademarks of Corel Corporation and/or its subsidiaries in Canada, the United States and/or other countries.

Sound Blaster is a trademark of Creative Technology Ltd. in the United States and/or other countries.

Heidelberg, Helvetica, Palatino, and Times Roman are either registered trademarks or trademarks of Heidelberger Druckmaschinen AG in the U.S. and other countries.

IBM, AIX, EtherJet, Netfinity, OS/2, PowerPC, PS/2, S/390, and ThinkPad are trademarks of International Business Machines Corporation in the United States, other countries, or both.

IEEE, POSIX, and 802 are registered trademarks of Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. in the United States.

Intel, Celeron, EtherExpress, i386, i486, Itanium, Pentium, and Xeon are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the United States and other countries.

Intuit and Quicken are registered trademarks and/or registered service marks of Intuit Inc., or one of its subsidiaries, in the United States and other countries.

Linux is a registered trademark of Linus Torvalds in the United States.

LSI Logic, AcceleRAID, eXtremeRAID, MegaRAID and Mylex are trademarks or registered trademarks of LSI Logic Corp.

M-Systems and DiskOnChip are trademarks or registered trademarks of M-Systems Flash Disk Pioneers, Ltd.

Macromedia, Flash, and Shockwave are trademarks or registered trademarks of Macromedia, Inc. in the United States and/or other countries.

Microsoft, FrontPage, MS-DOS, Outlook, Windows, Windows Media, and Windows NT are either registered trademarks or trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and/or other countries.

Netscape and the Netscape Navigator are registered trademarks of Netscape Communications Corporation in the U.S. and other countries.

Motif, OSF/1, and UNIX are registered trademarks and IT DialTone and The Open Group are trademarks of The Open Group in the United States and other countries.

Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation.

PowerQuest and PartitionMagic are registered trademarks of PowerQuest Corporation in the United States and/or other countries.

RealNetworks, RealPlayer, and RealAudio are the registered trademarks of RealNetworks, Inc.

Red Hat, RPM, are trademarks or registered trademarks of Red Hat, Inc. in the United States and other countries.

SAP, R/3, and mySAP are trademarks or registered trademarks of SAP AG in Germany and in several other countries all over the world.

Sun, Sun Microsystems, Java, Java Virtual Machine, JavaServer Pages, JDK, JSP, JVM, Netra, Solaris, StarOffice, Sun Blade, Sun Enterprise, Sun Fire, SunOS, and Ultra are trademarks or registered trademarks of Sun Microsystems, Inc. in the United States and other countries.

Symantec and Ghost are registered trademarks of Symantec Corporation in the United States and other countries.

MATLAB is a registered trademark of The MathWorks, Inc.

SpeedTouch is a trademark of Thomson

U.S. Robotics and Sportster are registered trademarks of U.S. Robotics Corporation.

VMware is a trademark of VMware, Inc.

Waterloo Maple and Maple are trademarks or registered trademarks of Waterloo Maple Inc.

Mathematica is a registered trademark of Wolfram Research, Inc.

XFree86 is a trademark of The XFree86 Project, Inc.

Ogg Vorbis and Xiph.Org are trademarks of Xiph.Org.

Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this document, and the FreeBSD Project was aware of the trademark claim, the designations have been followed by the ``™'' or the ``®'' symbol.

  Home  

This, and other documents, can be downloaded from ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/doc/.

For questions about FreeBSD, read the documentation before contacting <questions@FreeBSD.org>.
For questions about this documentation, e-mail <doc@FreeBSD.org>.

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