6. The DocBook toolchain

Normally, what you'll do to make XHTML from your DocBook sources will look like this:

bash$ xmlto xhtml foo.xml
Convert to XHTML
bash$ ls *.html
ar01s02.html ar01s03.html ar01s04.html index.html

In this example, you converted an XML-Docbook document named foo.xml with three top-level sections into an index page and two parts. Making one big page is just as easy:

bash$ xmlto xhtml-nochunks foo.xml
Convert to XHTML
bash$ ls *.html
foo.html

Finally, here is how you make Postscript for printing:

bash$ xmlto ps foo.xml       # To make Postscript
Convert to XSL-FO
Making portrait pages on A4 paper (210mmx297mm)
Post-process XSL-FO to DVI
Post-process DVI to PS
bash$ ls *.ps
foo.ps

To turn your documents into HTML or Postscript, you need an engine that can apply the combination of DocBook DTD and a suitable stylesheet to your document. Here is how the open-source tools for doing this fit together:

Parsing your document and applying the stylesheet transformation will be handled by one of three programs. The most likely one is xsltproc, the parser that ships with Red Hat 7.3. The other possibilities are two Java programs, Saxon and Xalan,

It is relatively easy to generate high-quality XHTML from either DocBook; the fact that XHTML is simply another XML DTD helps a lot. Translation to HTML is done by applying a rather simple stylesheet, and that's the end of the story. RTF is also simple to generate in this way, and from XHTML or RTF it's easy to generate a flat ASCII text approximation in a pinch.

The awkward case is print. Generating high-quality printed output (which means, in practice, Adobe's PDF (Portable Document Format) is difficult. Doing it right requires algorithmically duplicating the delicate judgments of a human typesetter moving from content to presentation level.

So, first, a stylesheet translates Docbook's structural markup into another dialect of XML — FO (Formatting Objects). FO markup is very much presentation-level; you can think of it as a sort of XML functional equivalent of troff. It has to be translated to Postscript for packaging in a PDF.

In the toolchain shipped with Red Hat, this job is handled by a TeX macro package called PassiveTeX. It translates the formatting objects generated by xsltproc into Donald Knuth's TeX language. TeX was one of the earliest open-source projects, an old but powerful presentation-level formatting language much beloved of mathematicians (to whom it provides particulaly elaborate facilities for describing mathematical notation). TeX is also famously good at basic typesetting tasks like kerning, line filling, and hyphenating. TeX's output, in what's called DVI (DeVice Independent) format, is then massaged into PDF.

If you think this bucket chain of XML to Tex macros to DVI to PDF sounds like an awkward kludge, you're right. It clanks, it wheezes, and it has ugly warts. Fonts are a significant problem, since XML and TeX and PDF have very different models of how fonts work; also, handling internationalization and localization is a nightmare. About the only thing this code path has going for it is that it works.

The elegant way will be FOP, a direct FO-to-Postscript translator being developed by the Apache project. With FOP, the internationalization problem is, if not solved, at least well confined; XML tools handle Unicode all the way through to FOP. Glyph to font mapping is also strictly FOP's problem. The only trouble with this approach is that it doesn't work — yet. As of August 2002 FOP is in an unfinished alpha state — usable, but with rough edges and missing features.

Here is what the FOP toolchain looks like:

FOP has competition. There is another project called xsl-fo-proc which aims to do the same things as FOP, but in C++ (and therefore both faster than Java and not relying on the Java environment). As of August 2002 FOP is in an unfinished alpha state, not as far along as FOP.